GEOS

GEOS (Geometry Engine, Open Source) is a C++ implementation of the geometry model and spatial operations defined by the OGC Simple Features for SQL specification. Originally ported from the Java TopologyTopologyTopology in GIS defines the spatial relationships between geographic features, including adjacency, connectivity, and... Suite (JTS), GEOS provides robust and precise geometric computations that serve as the foundation for spatial operations in a wide range of geospatial software. GEOS implements the complete set of spatial predicates (intersects, contains, within, crosses, overlaps, touches), set-theoretic operations (union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference), constructive operations (buffer, convex hullConvex HullA convex hull is the smallest convex polygon that completely encloses a set of points, analogous to stretching a rubb..., envelope, Voronoi diagrams, Delaunay triangulationDelaunay TriangulationDelaunay triangulation connects a set of points into a network of non-overlapping triangles such that no point lies i...), and geometric analysis functions (area, length, distance, simplification). Its robustness handling ensures correct results even with difficult geometric edge cases like near-coincident vertices and self-intersecting polygons through snap-rounding and precision reduction techniques. GEOS is one of the most widely deployed computational geometry libraries in the world. PostGISPostGISPostGIS is an open-source extension for PostgreSQL databases that introduces support for geographic objects, allowing... uses GEOS for all spatial operations in PostgreSQL, ShapelyShapelyShapely is a Python library for creating, manipulating, and analyzing planar geometric objects. Built on the GEOS lib... provides Python bindings to GEOS, and QGISQGISQGIS is a user-friendly, open-source GIS platform that provides tools for geospatial data analysis, mapping, and inte... relies on it for vector geoprocessing. MapServer, GDALGDALGDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) is an open-source translator library for raster and vector geospatial data..., R's sf package, and numerous other tools depend on GEOS. Its consistent, well-tested implementation of spatial algorithms ensures that geometric operationsGeometric OperationsGeometric operations are spatial transformations applied to vector geometries, including union, intersection, differe... produce the same reliable results regardless of which application invokes them.