Geographic Object
A geographic object is a discrete spatial entity with defined boundaries and identifiable properties that represents a real-world feature on or near the Earth's surface. Geographic objects form the basis of the vector data model in GIS, where each object is stored with its geometry and attributes.
Overview A geographic object (also called a geographic feature or spatial object) is a discrete entity that occupies a specific location or region on or near the Earth's surface and can be identified by its spatial extent and descriptive properties. Examples include buildings, roads, rivers, parcels, administrative boundaries, and points of interestPoints of InterestPoints of interest (POI) are specific geographic locations that are useful or notable for a particular purpose—such a.... Geographic objects are the fundamental units of the vector dataVector DataVector data represents geographic features as discrete points, lines, and polygons with associated attribute informat... model, which represents the world as a collection of identifiable, countable entities rather than continuous fields.
Object Representation
Geographic objects are represented in GISGISGeographic Information Systems (GIS) enable users to analyze and visualize spatial data to uncover patterns, relation... through geometry and attributes. The geometry defines the object's spatial footprint using point, line, polygon, or multi-geometry types in a specified coordinate reference system. Attributes store descriptive, quantitative, and categorical information about the object in a structured tabular format. Together, geometry and attributes enable spatial queries, analysis, and visualization. Objects may also have temporal properties describing when they existed or were observed, enabling spatio-temporal analysis. Object vs. Field Model GIS uses two complementary conceptual models for representing geographic phenomena. The object model treats the world as populated by discrete, identifiable entities with clear boundaries, appropriate for features like buildings, roads, and political boundaries. The field model treats geographic properties as continuous surfaces varying across space, suitable for phenomena like temperature, elevation, and air pressure. Many real-world phenomena can be modeled either way depending on the analytical purpose; for example, land cover can be represented as discrete polygon objects or as a continuous raster classification.
Standards
The OGC Simple Features specification defines a standard set of geometry types for representing geographic objects and the spatial operations that can be performed on them. ISO 19109 (Application Schema) provides rules for defining geographic object types and their properties. These standards ensure interoperability of geographic object data across GISGISGeographic Information Systems (GIS) enable users to analyze and visualize spatial data to uncover patterns, relation... platforms and spatial databasesSpatial DatabasesSpatial databases are specialized systems designed to store, query, and manage data related to objects in geographic ....
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