Hydrological Modeling
Hydrological modeling simulates the movement, distribution, and storage of water across landscapes using terrain data and physical process equations. It supports flood prediction, watershed management, water resource planning, and environmental impact assessment in GIS.
Hydrological modeling in GISGISGeographic Information Systems (GIS) enable users to analyze and visualize spatial data to uncover patterns, relation... encompasses a suite of techniques that simulate how water flows across and beneath the Earth's surface, using digital elevation models and related spatial data as the primary inputs. These models range from simple terrain-based flow routing to complex physically-based simulations of the entire water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow.
Terrain-Based Hydrology
GISGISGeographic Information Systems (GIS) enable users to analyze and visualize spatial data to uncover patterns, relation...-based hydrological modeling begins with DEM preprocessing, including filling sinks (artificial depressions) and computing flow directionFlow DirectionFlow direction analysis determines the downhill direction of water flow from each cell in a digital elevation model, ... and flow accumulationFlow AccumulationFlow accumulation counts the number of upslope cells that drain through each cell in a raster, creating a surface tha... grids. Flow direction determines the downhill path water follows from each cell, while flow accumulation counts the number of upstream cells draining through each location, identifying stream channels and drainage networks. Watershed delineation uses these derivatives to define drainage basin boundaries for any pour point.
Applications
Flood risk analysts use hydrological models to simulate storm runoff and predict inundation areas for different rainfall scenarios. Water resource managers model watershed yield to plan reservoir operations and water supply allocation. Environmental scientists assess the impact of land use changes on runoff, erosion, and water quality. Civil engineers design stormwater managementStormwater ManagementStormwater Management plans and controls the collection, conveyance, and treatment of rainfall runoff in urban areas.... systems based on modeled peak flows. Conservation planners use hydrological models to identify critical source areas for sediment and nutrient loading.
Modeling Frameworks
Common GISGISGeographic Information Systems (GIS) enable users to analyze and visualize spatial data to uncover patterns, relation...-integrated hydrological models include HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), and TOPMODEL. ArcGISArcGISArcGIS is a leading GIS platform offering tools for spatial analysis, mapping, and data visualization. It serves a wi... Spatial Analyst and QGISQGISQGIS is a user-friendly, open-source GIS platform that provides tools for geospatial data analysis, mapping, and inte... provide built-in hydrology toolsets for terrain-based flow analysis. GRASS GISGRASS GISGRASS GIS is a free, open-source geographic information system used for geospatial data management, analysis, image p... offers comprehensive watershed analysisWatershed AnalysisWatershed analysis delineates drainage basins and models water flow patterns across terrain using digital elevation d... modules.
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